Compare and contrast the learning principles of Pavlovs Classical Conditioning and Skinners Operant Conditioning Free Essay Example, 2000 words

Pavlovs findings was significant to psychologists influencing a prominent American psychologist name J. B Watson who conducted an experiment aimed at demonstrating conditioning of fear responses in human beings. Using little Albert as his subject, Watson used a rat as the neutral stimulus, loud noise as his unconditioned stimulus, and observed his fearful reactions (unconditioned response). Initially, baby Albert did not exhibit fearful reactions to the rat. However, after Watson repeatedly paired the rats appearance with loud noise, Albert exhibited fearful reactions towards the rat. This marked a milestone in understanding modification of behavior in human beings through classical conditioning. B. F. Skinner’s Operant Conditioning Burrhus Frederic Skinner was also a proponent of behaviorism; however, his ideologies represented a more radicalized view. According to him, past experiences defined by a person’s environment (environmental histories) and reinforcing consequences influence people’s behaviors. Schedules of reinforcement are integral to operant conditioning. They encompass duration and frequency of reinforcing desirable behavior. They include continuous and partial (intermittent) reinforcement schedules, whereby the latter has other four sub-categories. i. Continuous reinforcement schedule- it encompasses reinforcement of behavior after every occurrence. We will write a custom essay sample on Compare and contrast the learning principles of Pavlov's Classical Conditioning and Skinner's Operant Conditioning or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/pageorder now More often than not, this schedule proves useful during the initial stages of learning new behaviors. It allows individuals to establish a strong association between behaviors and responses. Negative reinforcement, positive reinforcement and punishments are all useful in the implementation of continuous reinforcement schedule. ii. Intermittent/partial reinforcement schedule- in this type, reinforcement occurs part of the time. This prevents display of behaviors only when the time for reinforcing the behavior draws nearer. In addition, it prevents extinction of the behavior because the strengthening of associations formed between behaviors and responses occurs is continuous. The sub-categories include: Fixed-ratio- refers to an intermittent schedule characterized by the reinforcement of behavior after a specific number of responses. Variable-ratio- refers to an intermittent schedule characterized by the reinforcement of behavior after a varied or unp redictable number of responses. Such a schedule created a high and steady rate of responding. Fixed-interval- refers to an intermittent schedule characterized by the reinforcement of the first response after its occurrence after a specified amount of time passes.

The Argument Against Longer School Days Essay - 1528 Words

Longer School Days: Why We Shouldn’t Lengthen the Day We have all seen the debate in the news no matter what area of Illinois you may live in, whether or not the Chicago Public Schools should lengthen the school day. In an online forum it states that during a meeting Chicago Public Schools CEO Jean-Claude Brizard vowed to add 90 minutes to each school day and two weeks to the school year by the fall of 2012. (Erbentraut J. 2011) The Chicago Public School board, CPS teachers’ union and Chicago mayor Rahm Emmanuel need to take into consideration the effects that lengthening the school day by an additional 90 minutes will have on students, parents, teachers, and the school community. Lengthening the school day will have several negative†¦show more content†¦Students feel as though schools try to contain them and that they are not able to be themselves. They are forced to sit in a chair for a certain amount of time and to quietly complete assignments. The thought of this recurring activity results in students caring less about school, which eventually makes their grades decrease. By shortening the school days, students wouldn’t be as distressed about going to school and their grades would be higher. Fewer school hours per day would permit students to have enough time to study, complete school assignments, participate in after-school activities and be able to get to bed by a decent hour.† Rachel D, Teen Talk student writer. The student above is just one of the many voices on the forum echoing the distaste for longer schools days. The pressure to balance the school workload is overwhelming and without the proper supports and teaching students how to balance the work, longer school days will not be the solution and instead serve as a detriment to the students and their success. Teachers also have a voice when it comes to longer school days. I asked a teacher I know that works for the Chicago Public schools his view point and he was able to see both sides of the situation but when it came to pay he was not willing to budge. I asked him to log all the hours he works in a week for me to see how many hours a typical teacher puts in during aShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Essay of Aria by Richard Rodriguez1302 Words   |  6 Pagesessay of â€Å"Aria† by Richard Rodriguez (2nd draft) This essay, titled â€Å"Aria†, originally published in 2008, is an autobiographic essay of the author’s childhood, Richard Rodriguez’. In his essay, Richard is against bilingual educators, who think that children in their first years of school should be educated in their native language. According to him this education system is wrong, won’t be beneficial, therefore children should be educated in the same language as the public one. Rodriguez’s mainRead MoreSchool Budget Case Study942 Words   |  4 Pageslegislation comes at a financial cost. However, there is little monetary cost to the county to change the school day to include an additional twenty minutes of recess time in elementary school. The same staff would need to be present and the facilities to facilitate recess already exist. There would probably need to be additional outside sports equipment purchased at most of the elementary school buildings. This expense would be higher upfront and then decrease annually as only replacements would needRead MoreVaccinations And Its Effects On Children1226 Words   |  5 PagesThere are many arguments that people have developed and built upon that are convincing me of the importance of the vaccinations. The benefits of vaccinations really were shown when â€Å"The Centers for Disease Control (CDC) estimated that 732,000 American children were saved from death and 322 million cases of childhood illnesses were prevented between 1994 and 2014 due to vaccination† (Huffington). This is proof right in front of our eyes that vaccinations are working for some children. Something thatRead MoreEssay on Implementation of School Uniforms635 Words   |  3 PagesImplementation of School Uniforms The topic of school uniforms has been highly debated for many years. Many would think it would be the teachers versus the pupils in this debate but they would be wrong, this argument has members from both sides fighting for and against it. In this essay I will look at the topic from both sides and be un-objective in my writing. Many of the arguments made in favour of school uniforms have something to do with the safety of the school communityRead More Longer School Days Essay943 Words   |  4 PagesLonger School Days Schools are so much a part of our society, so the accurate length of school days is extremely important. Public opinions on the length of the school days are different. There are a lot of parents and professors concerned that it is hard for children to go to school early in the morning and stay there the whole day. On the other side, some professors try to force students into a nine hour school day. Not so many years ago, school was a main part of my life, and the schoolRead MoreAria A Memoir Of A Bilingual Childhood Analysis1530 Words   |  7 Pagesbarrier. Congress tried to overcome this challenge by passing the Bilingual Education Act (more commonly known as Title VII) in 1967, but it was met with strong debate. Aria: A Memoir of a Bilingual Childhood by Richard Rodriguez is a strong argument against bilingual education. Richard Rodriguez is an American author born of two Mexican immigrant parents in San Francisco, California during the 1940s. Rodriguez’s Aria: A Memoir of a Bilingual Childhood is a strong narrative that describes Rodriguez’sRead MoreThe Debate On Abortion And Abortion1490 Words   |  6 Pagesfamily, not just my parents, are against abortion. Also going to church every Sunday and learning what my religion thought was right and wrong influenced me to believe that abortion was killing a life. Since I grew up with this influence I subconsciously thought that is what is right side of the argument to believe. I was always a strong believer in that an abortion was the killing of a human life and was morally wrong. All the way up until junior year in high school I actually considered myself anRead More The Importance of Affirmative Action in America Essay867 Words   |  4 Pagesstop...). Opposing views of this topic are quite common everywhere in the U.S. The University of Michigan has made the issues of race and affirmative action policies into very important and controversial discussions. One article, titled Unite Against Affirmative Action, states: Unfortunately, between the ill-considered rantings of State Representative David Jaye and the hysterical tirades of the aptly named Coalition to Defend Affirmative Action By Any Means Necessary (BAMN), it has been difficultRead MoreFreedom of Religion in Public Schools1748 Words   |  7 Pagesindividual practice of religion in school has become a very controversial topic. There are many different views on this matter and even more opinions on how it should be handled. There are people on both sides of the spectrum, there are those who believe that it should be taught and allowed in school, and there are those who believe it should not be taught or practiced in school. There have been cases brought to court about how r eligion should be taken out of schools, or if it should be allowed. ThereRead MoreRichard Rodriguez s Hunger Of Memory 974 Words   |  4 Pagesthe United States, they must separate themselves from their home culture and immerse themselves in the English oriented atmosphere of the American school† (980). In â€Å"Aria†, Rodriguez has created an autobiographic essay of his childhood. In his essay, the author is against bilingual educators, who believe that children in their first years of school should be educated in their native language. According to Rodriguez this education method is wrong, it won’t be helpful, therefore children should be

Negative Influence Of Language On Memory - 1814 Words

Memory is influenced by several factors, such as language, emotion, and attention. The current essay will investigate how the use of language can influence recall for a past event. It will begin with investigating the negative influence of language on memory through the formation of false memories. This will involve exploring the Deese-Roediger-McDermott paradigm, the misinformation effect by Loftus (1975), the fuzzy-trace theory (Reyna Brainerd, 1995) and their implications for eyewitness testimonies. This will be followed by the positive influence language has on memory through the use of true presupposed information and the implications of this for an educational setting. For over 40 years false memories and how they form have been of†¦show more content†¦There was a finding of 60 percent or more of participants falsely recalled the critical lure (window and sleep). However they found large differences in the effectiveness; when the critical lure for a list was ‘king’ the false recall by participants was only 10 percent. Therefore false recall is only induced effectively for certain word lists, this variability is a limitation. Expand. Why there was a difference from list to list. What this means for the theory. The fuzzy-trace theory (Reyna Brainerd, 1995) provides an explanation for the formation of false memories. The fuzzy-trace theory outlines that there are two forms of mental representations stored for a past event, verbatim and gist. Verbatim memories are more detailed, whereas gist memories are less detailed and more of an overview of an event. In the Deese-Roediger-McDermott it is argued that the false memory is due to the use of semantic gist-based memory. This error is adaptive in some everyday situations because remembering the gist of an event is useful, whereas remembering details of every event that occurs could be considered unnecessary and difficult (verbatim memory). Often memory studies involve a list of words or sentences, which is practical because they are simplistic and easily replicable. However many daily memories are complex and fast-moving events so are not simulated through word lists. Therefore it is important to carryShow MoreRelatedNature of Thought859 Words   |  4 PagesThe nature of thought is a process to interpret information gathered by the brain using senses, memories, and language. The process of thinking is influenced by perceptional blocks and personal barriers. Internal and external events in cultural differences along with an individual’s economic status ultimately encourage thoughts whether negative or positive. Irrational and rational thoughts influence decisions. Identifying and recognizing behavior patterns associated with thoughts allows awarenessRead MoreThe Early Years: The Effects of Nurturance During Childhood on Development1589 Words   |  7 Pagesattachment, and bonding. Conversely, issues such as stressful environments and unstable relationships have been shown to have negative consequences on childhood development. The importance of this early childhood nurturance is evident in the story of Michel Oher as described in the movie The Blind Side. Due to his neglectful upbringing, Michael has many academic deficits including language problems as well as having limited social and stress management skills. However, when taken in by the Tuohy family MichaelRead MoreThe Theory Of Intelligence And The Learning Spectrum1629 Words   |  7 Pageswithin the learning spectrum is what is then taken and conceptualized into the notion of intelligence. Matters of intelligence revolve around the expression of how smart an individual is regarded with reflection to matters such as learning various languages, the development of musical knowledge, or formulating simple ways in which a person can get out of a particular given situation (being able to act intelligently when dealing with everyd ay life). The concept of intelligence is something that is highlyRead MoreThe Differences Between Us And Lower Animals896 Words   |  4 PagesLanguage Development Charles Darwin once said that one of the major difference between us and lower animals is our ability to associate sounds and idea by speaking words. This ability to come up with a language and use languages depends on the high development of mental powers. The use of language is considered one of the three pillars of human development alongside affects, and cognition. The ability to link feelings into words is called translation. At around age 2 , the children s abilityRead MoreWhat ´s Eidetic Memory?957 Words   |  4 PagesEidetic Memory Imagine having the ability to take a screenshot of what one sees. It sounds like photographic memory, that superhuman ability one often hears about on Dateline or movies and shows. As much as the idea of saving everything one has ever perceived, storing it away like a file in a cabinet, and recalling it at a moment’s notice sounds amazing, it just isn’t plausible. Despite the stories you may have heard from friends, photographic memory is not real. This misconception is often muddledRead MoreSyntactic Priming1663 Words   |  7 PagesSYNTACTIC PRIMING Introduction Syntactic priming is a phenomenon where the exposure of a sentence with a particular syntactic structure can influence an individual presented the sentence with similar structure subsequently. (Pickering, M.J. amp; Branigan, H.P, 1995). The three components to be identified for syntactic priming are: (1) lexical priming, (2) categorization and (3) syntax. Firstly, lexical priming is dealing with the time in processing a word like manager - is believed to be lesserRead MoreSuggestopedia1214 Words   |  5 Pagesby the Bulgarian psychiatrist-educator Georgi Lozanov. It is a specific set of learner recommendations. Among the subliminal influences the fears of the learners that they will be unable to perform and are limited in terms of their ability to learn is the main issue Suggestopedia deals with. It is believed that due to those fears and some other possible negative effects such as the physical effects of the learning environment, learners’ minds cannot process and retain information at the maximumRead MoreCultural Exposure Affects Second Language Learning700 Words   |  3 PagesCultural Exposure Affects Second Language Learning Socio-cultural factors have an important effect on second language learning. In particular, cultural exposure plays a significant role in the language learning process. Cultural ignorance and prejudice may cause difficulties for language learners and the degree of exposure also determines how fast a second language learner can acquire a new language. In this mini research essay, I will first examine how people from China and Middle Eastern willRead MoreThe Impact Of Technology On Our Brain968 Words   |  4 Pageschance to solve it on my own. Therefore, I never really know whether the internet is really necessary to complete the assignments. Depending on how we make use of the technology, it has a positive and negative effects on our brain and our attention. In particular, the technology has more of negative effects than positive on students because of the tremendous resources that are available anytime at no cost. The technology has positive effects on our brains by providing the latest and sufficientRead MoreThe Interactions between Short-Term Memory and Long-Term Memory: What is the Messaging Protocol?1500 Words   |  6 PagesInteractions between Short-Term Memory and Long-Term Memory: What is the Messaging Protocol? 1. Introduction Computers store data in memory, and simulate human memory when they achieve this. It might be easy to predict the mechanism of how computer memory works, but the function of human memory is much more sophisticated. Basically, the role of memory is to retain information, store them and retrieve when it is necessary. According to Bunuel (1984), You have to begin to lose your memory, if only in bits and

Child Abuse Prevention And Treatment Act - 2352 Words

What is child abuse? From the word â€Å"abuse† we can understand that it is some sort of a maltreatment of a child, causing harm and damage both to his physical and psychological well-being. At the Federal level, the Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment Act (CAPTA) describes child abuse and neglect as: â€Å"any recent act or failure to act on the part of a parent or caretaker, which results in death, serious physical or emotional harm, sexual abuse, or exploitation, or an act or failure to act which presents an imminent risk of serious harm.† Child abuse is a very substantial and widely spread problem in U.S. affecting children of any age, gender, race, background or income, with almost 3 million cases reported every year and on average, killing more than 4 children every day . The main issue of child abuse is that the abuser is usually someone a child loves or depends on (a parent, step-parent, sibling, coach, neighbor, etc.), who violates child’s trust putt ing personal interests first, therefore official numbers of how many children suffer maltreatment might be not accurate enough as remarkable amount of these cases go unreported. Each case of child abuse is unique, with a lot of individual factors involved, nevertheless, we can distinguish some of the common causes, such as poverty, lack of education, depression, mental or physical health problems, alcohol/drug addictions, social isolation, marital problems, insecure attachments between a parent and a child, etc. The followingShow MoreRelatedThe Child Abuse Prevention And Treatment Act1136 Words   |  5 Pagesdefine child neglect and abuse is both criminal and civil. The civil definitions that determine the grounds for intervention by State child protective agencies, at the Federal level, by the Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment Act (CAPTA) January 31, 1974.By the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America and Congress assembled this act may be cited as, â€Å"the Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment Act. Section 3 of the Law said† For purposes of this Act the term child abuse andRead MoreChild Abuse Prevention And Treatment Act1400 Words   |  6 PagesChild abuse is when a parent or caregiver, through action or failure to act, causes injury, death, emotional harm or risk of serious harm to a child. According to The Federal Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment Act, as amended by the CAPTA Reauthorization Act of 2010, at a minimum, child abuse and neglec t is defined as, Any recent act or failure to act on the part of a parent or caretaker which results in death, serious physical or emotional harm, sexual abuse or exploitation; or An act or failureRead MoreThe Child Abuse Prevention And Treatment Of Act1184 Words   |  5 Pages Gimme Shelter The Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment Reauthorization Act (2010) Kristan Maxwell Eastern Illinois University April 17, 2015 Movie Title: Gimme Shelter Based on a true story, the movie â€Å"Gimme Shelter† (2013) depicts a 16-year-old named Agnes â€Å"Apple† struggle after leaving her abusive home. Early on in the movie it was evident that Apple wanted better for herself and her future. In the past she had been in multiple shelters, foster homesRead MoreThe Child Abuse Prevention And Treatment Act992 Words   |  4 Pagesanother person (Goodmark, 2004). When a child is exposed to domestic violence that can be considered a form of child neglect, even if the child is not harmed. This includes seeing, hearing, or simply witnessing the aftereffects of violence, such as an injured victim (Child Welfare Information Gateway, 2012). While this is a large part of the laws, they are mainly in place to protect children from experiencing firsthand abuse. The Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment Act (CAPTA) was enacted in 1974 and designedRead MoreChild Abuse Prevention And Treatment Act1605 Words   |  7 PagesJoseph Meadow croft Research Essay Composition 1 Childhood Abuse Every child will certainly have many life experiences before they are mature. A child is very susceptible when developing, at every corner there are dangerous things from the environment surrounding them which might seriously impact their entire life. As definition in the Federal Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment Act: Child abuse is any action from adult to a child that could be harmful to the child’s body or mental state (kidsmatter)Read MoreChild Abuse Prevention And Treatment Act973 Words   |  4 Pages The Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment Act was originally enacted on January 31 1974(US Government 2011). The act has been amended several time throughout history. It was recently amended on December 20 2010 (US Government 2011). The Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment Act is also abbreviated as CAPTA. The Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment Act provides federal funding to states for the support of prevention, assessment, investigation, prosecution, and treatment activities (US Government 2011)Read MoreChild Abuse Prevention And Treatment Act1351 Words   |  6 Pages CHILD ABUSE By Anastasiya Drevinskiy Child Development and Learning in Cultural Context /EdPs 620/ Professor Jerry Gissinger Spring 2016 What is child abuse? From the word â€Å"abuse† we can understand that it is some sort of a maltreatment of a child, causing harm and damage both to his physical and psychological well-being. At the Federal level, the Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment Act (CAPTA) describes child abuse and neglect as: â€Å"any recent act or failure to act on the part of a parentRead MoreChild Abuse Prevention And Treatment Act1017 Words   |  5 Pagesand often the intervention too late. Abuse and maltreatment of children have similar faces that may go unknown, silent or unseen. Is child abuse different from the today that n the past, which caused an increase of this type of abuse? Many children are unprotected form physical, sexual or emotional abuse, and by parents and friends. Is the problem with the Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment Act that was passed to protect all children from abuse not been enforced? The way the worldRead MoreChild Abuse Prevention And Treatment A ct1159 Words   |  5 PagesChild Abuse Crisis in America What is the difference between discipline and abuse? The Federal Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment Act (CAPTA), (42 U.S.C.A.  §5106g), as amended and reauthorized by the CAPTA Reauthorization Act of 2010, defines child abuse and neglect as, at minimum: â€Å"Any recent act or failure to act on the part of a parent or caretaker which results in death, serious physical or emotional harm, sexual abuse or exploitation; or an act or failure to act which presents an imminentRead MoreChild Abuse Prevention And Treatment Act2692 Words   |  11 Pages Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment Act (CAPTA) Danielle Seele JS 189-02 F-14 San Jose State University I. Introduction In the United States child maltreatment is a common universal problem that can effect children of all ages (Fang, Brown, Florence, Mercy, 2012). Additionally, it is responsible for the main cause of mortalities among children who are the age of five years and younger with majority of the injuries inflicted by an adult caregiver (Schnitzer Ewigman, 2005)

Emergency Evacuation and Assembly Area Free Essays

Instructions: Read Modules 3 – 6 from CWTS01 Program Module that is posted on the top of the Weekly Outline page. After reading it, read the case analysis for module 3 up to 6 and then answer the following questions. For Module 3: 1. We will write a custom essay sample on Emergency Evacuation and Assembly Area or any similar topic only for you Order Now Research on the Institute‘s fire / earthquake evacuation procedure. What are the steps that the school must observe during such emergency cases? * Before Fire or Earthquake: -Assist in training of emergency personnel under their command. – Designate an assembly area (or areas) for the building. Occupants of the building should be directed to assemble in this area when required to evacuate the building in an emergency. This will facilitate checking that all occupants are safe and enable speedy return to the building when the â€Å"all clear† is given. -Ensure that on each floor, or in each area, a current list of Floor and Area Wardens (and telephone numbers) is displayed, together with an emergency floor plan. The emergency floor plan should show all rooms, exits, assembly area to be used in case of fire or emergency, fire alarms, extinguishers, fire hose reels and special emergency equipment. In the case of Fire or Emergency (the assistance of a deputy may be required to undertake some of these tasks): -Respond immediately to an alarm, determine the nature of the emergency. -Initiate Emergency Evacuation Procedures for the building. -Direct the actions of Floor and Area Wardens within the building. – Check that all occupants have proceeded to the designated a ssembly area. -In consultation with the Fire Service and the Emergency -Coordinator, advise occupants when it is safe to return to the building. 2. Do you agree with the current evacuation procedures being implemented? Justify your answer. I agree. Evacuation from buildings may be necessary as the result of fire, explosion, chemical leak, structural fault, equipment failure or bomb threat. These guidelines must be prepared principally for fire emergencies, but they are suitable for use in other emergencies like earthquakes. 3. What problems do you think the students may encounter while conducting the evacuation? Stampede, chaos, panic are problems I think students may encounter while conducting the evacuation. 4. What plan of action/s do you suggest to address the possible problems the students may encounter during an evacuation? To initiate or exercise fire and earthquake drills. For Module 4: 1. Based on the story presented on the case analysis, what is / are main character’s concern/s? Being not able to attend formal schooling, Mang Deolito is a no read, no write person. 2. How is the case of the main character similar to the other out-of-school youths in the country? Because of poverty, a lot of parents can’t afford to send their children to school. 3. What are the probable causes of the prevalent cases of individuals unable to attend school? Poverty and lack of interest are the causes of the prevalent cases of individuals unable to attend school. 4. How can the problem of illiteracy in the Philippines be properly addressed? Government should provide free education for those people who are less fortunate. Free books should be provided for them to use and read. 5. How can the K+12 of the PNOY government alleviate the education here in the Philippines? Justify your answer. One of the major pros that the program has to offer is that additional years of education will make Filipino students more mature, competent, well-rounded, and globally competitive. Our students will benefit a lot from this as long as the government will provide the best curriculum suited to every student. For Module 5: 1. What are the current concerns of the said Barangay on the case analysis in terms of their youth groups? Some of the vendors reported a group of teenagers were seen sniffing solvents and rugby, smoking cigarettes and drinking alcohol in the area. Other vendors even claimed that they also use drugs and create a disturbance to the market stalls. These teenagers use the market place as their tambayan. They can be seen together almost from day to night. They also like to entice others to join them in their activities, some who refuse were seen with bruises. Moreover, the group likes to engage into fights with other groups they see as inferior. 2. What plans or undertakings do you suggest to respond to the concerns that the brgy. is facing in terms of recreation? First curfew should be implemented. For instance, at 10pm, no teenagers below 18 yrs. Should be seen roaming around outside their house. Kagawads should be visible at all times. In terms of recreation, aside from sportsfest, singing and dancing contest, beauty pageants and other recreations can be added to the program. For Module 6: 1. As a mapuan, how do you exercise the values being promoted by the Institute? DECIR (Discipline, Excellence, Commitment, Relevance, Integrity) I exercise these values by following school rules like falling in line when in the bookstore or canteen. Or just by simply attending my class on time. 2. Other than the DECIR, what other values do you think are being practised by the Mapuans? Patience and Honesty. 3. Suppose that the person on the case analysis is your friend. What pieces of advice can you give for him to appreciate the NSTP-CWTS Program of the Institute? Being a diligent person, I would advise him to internalize the importance of attending the NSTP-CWTS Program of the Institute. How to cite Emergency Evacuation and Assembly Area, Papers

Computer Memory Hierarchy free essay sample

Write policies on write hit are as follows: Write Through: the information is written to both the block in the cache and to the block in the lower-level memory. Advantages of Write Through are read miss never results in writes to main memory and main memory always has the most current copy of the data (consistent). Disadvantages of Write Through are write is slower and every write needs a main memory access (uses more memory bandwidth). Write Back: the information is written only to the block in the cache. The modified cache block is written to main memory only when it is replaced. To reduce the frequency of writing back blocks on replacement, a dirty bit is commonly used. This status bit indicates whether the block is dirty (modified while in the cache) or clean (not modified). If it is clean the block is not written on a miss. Advantages of Write Back are writes occur at the speed of the cache memory, and multiple writes within a block require only one write to main memory (uses less memory bandwidth). We will write a custom essay sample on Computer Memory Hierarchy or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Disadvantages of Write Back are main memory is not always consistent with cache, and harder to implement. Two write miss policies: Write Allocate the block is loaded on a write miss, followed by the write-hit action. No Write Allocate the block is modified in the main memory and not loaded into the cache. Although either write-miss policy can be used with write through or write back, write back caches often use write allocate and write through caches often use no write allocate. Source: 1. Computer Architecture

Climate Changes in Sydney-NSW

Question: Describe about the Report for Climate Changes in Sydney-NSW. Answer: The earths ecological system including both animals and plants are dependent on the climatic conditions of their surroundings. When conditions are favorable, they benefit and when the conditions are extreme, they suffer. Humans are part of this as well (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 2014). Community resources like water, energy, and crops are all connected to the climate. More, the human and economic losses experienced through natural phenomena like floods, droughts, cyclones, bushfires, and even hails are also connected to the climate and constantly remind us of our susceptibility to climatic conditions. These climatic conditions are subject to change, a contemporarily currently more evident than before. While the traditional man learned to adapt to the naturally occurring climate change and variability, modern man is forced to live in a climate of his own making influenced by his economic activities. Interestingly, the current rate of climatic change had never been pre dicted throughout much of the human history (Parmesan et al., 2013). The United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (UNIPCC) notes that much of the global warming taking place during the past half-century can be attributed solely to human economic activities. The major activities include combustion of fossil fuels like oil, coal and natural gas which release large amounts of greenhouse gasses into the earths atmosphere. A majority of this greenhouse gasses can stay in the atmosphere for a very long time (El-Zein and Tonmoy, 2015). As such, even our earliest action to reduce the emission of greenhouse gasses, there still will be vast amounts in the atmosphere implying significant effects for decades to come. Recent research studies continue to show that the earths surface temperature will gradually rise at an estimated 0.5o C throughout the 21st century coupled with subsequent impacts (Bindoff et al., 2013). Responding to the precedent climate change challenges requires a dual strategy of adaptation planning to minimize the levels of subs equent impacts, and reducing emissions of greenhouse gasses to slow down global warming rates. Causes of Climate Change The sun is the main source of energy driving the natural processes of the earth. Nearly half of the solar energy passes through the atmosphere and warms up the earth upon reaching the surface. Then, the ocean and land radiate the heat some of it being trapped in the atmosphere by greenhouse gasses. The main greenhouse gasses are carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide, water vapor and methane. The trapping of heat energy within the atmosphere is what is referred to as the greenhouse effect which keeps temperatures above the normal just like the greenhouse system in crop production. Keith, Elith, and Simpson (2014) study indicates that the current surface temperatures would be negative -18 0 C instead of 15 0 C if it were not for the greenhouse effect. The current issue of great distress is the human economic activities (mostly, land clearing, fossil fuel burning, and agriculture) that increase the concentration of atmospheric greenhouse gasses. For the past 260 years, it is estimated that the amount of carbon (IV) oxide in the atmosphere has by approximately 36% which makes the current levels of concentration higher than anytime ever recorded. Nitrous oxide levels have also been on the rise with a record 17 % while methane has also risen with nearly 151 %. As a result, the greenhouse effect has intensified owing to more heat being trapped thereby causing global warming. In line with these findings, environmental scientists report that global warming will continue leading to a rise in sea levels with profound impacts on humans and the natural system. From a global perspective, these impacts include flooding of the coastal regions, high frequency and prolonged droughts and heat waves, less amounts of snow, frost and polar ice, incre ased populations with a reduction in food and water supplies, reduced animal and plant habitats with a loss in many of these species as well as increased levels of diseases such as asthma (Levitus et al., 2012). Climate change in Sydney: NSW Bureau of Meteorology and CSIRO prepared a report in 2004 for the government of NSW indicating NSWs past and likely future climate changes. In the report, NSW apparently became 0.90C warmer between 1950 and 2003 with hot days/nights increasing while the cold/nights decrease. The levels of precipitation decreased by 14mmm each decade with the highest levels of this reduction being experienced along the coast as result of increased El Nino frequency since the mid-70s. Additional, much of the state also experienced reduced daily rainfall frequency and intensity. This report projected that by the year 2030 several changes should be expected, namely: Increased average temperatures, warmer than the 90s. Hotter days (over 350C) and frostier days (below 00C). Reduced average annual rainfall frequency and intensity Reduced runoff and stream flows More severe droughts Increased likelihood of bushfire occurrence Increased intensity of extreme weather conditions especially rainfall in Sydney and the environs. Table 1 below shows the details of these findings: Source: Hennessy et al. (2001) Sydney Description Sidney is the most populated city in Australia covering 1,840 square kilometers and with a population of 4.2 million people that grows relatively rapid making it the fastest growing area in Australia (Hennessy et al., 2004). Sydney is a metropolitan region with harbors, catchments, and beaches. The citys natural resources are the main source of economic activity with major industries being extractive and manufacturing, finance, business and property, real estate development, recreation and tourism. The city is home to many of Australias tourist destinations including the famous waterway, the countrys oldest national park and both national and international wetlands. The landscape is quite diverse with bushland, market gardens, waterways and harbors, industry estate, coastal cliffs, river valleys, and sand dunes as well as urban areas that are densely developed. Sustainable water use is a challenge as well as land use which poses challenges to the environment and the living population . Though Sydney has had a diverse ecosystem of plants and animals, the pressure on biodiversity is high and many of these species may face extension (Hennessy et al., 2004). Sydneys Climate Sydney has relatively warm summers with highs of up to 260C, recorded in the month of January. However, the catchments have been recording up to highs of 350C for three consecutive days within a year. Winters are usually cool with lows of up to 170C, recorded in the month of July. It is rear for temperatures to fall below 00C. Average annual rainfall is high at approximately 1100 mm with peak precipitation being between the months of January and March. Rainfall variability is high from one to another. Hailstorms are a common phenomenon with the worst being recorded in the year 1999 costing the taxpayer over 2 billion USD in recovery processes. Bushfires are also common (Greene, Begg, and Davies, 2012). Sydneys climate change Sydney has been experiencing nearly 0.80C warming since the mid-20th century. This is largely due to human activities. At the same time, annual rainfall has been declining at approximately 55mm per decade; however, distinguishing the human contributions to this decline from natural variability is hard (Sullivan et al., 2015). Research indicates that Sydneys future climate will be warmer and likely drier than is. Events of this nature are expected to increase the frequency of heat waves, increase the levels of evaporation, as well as fire risks and extreme winds. Table 2 below clearly shows the details of these projections comparing the present average conditions with projected changes from 2030 to 2070. These future projections are a representation of assumptions concerning the global emissions of greenhouse gasses and the differences in various climatic systems and models. Source: Hennessy et al. (2004) Impact of Climate Changes in Sydney It is expected that the impact of these climatic changes will be experienced through extreme weather events. It is more likely that the consequences of the changes in average evaporation, rainfall and temperature will be a long time. Projections indicate that there will be hotter days and therefore bushfires, droughts, and more intense storms. All this place the human, plant and animal life, and property at risk (Davies and Wright, 2014). Adaptations to Climate Change This is risk management strategies with actions to minimize the negative effects of climate change while taking advantage of arising opportunities. The strategies adopted vary from one region to the next because today's plans will have future implications on climate vulnerability. Doing this helps minimize some social, economic and environmental costs associated with climate change. Examples of potential measures of relevance to the city of Sydney include: Improving the efficiency of water use through public education on appropriate usage and water recycling (Mukheibir and Currie, 2016). Enhancing supplies through desalination and groundwater extraction Development of housing designs that are energy efficient Instituting early warning systems and public communication against heat waves. Redesigning infrastructure to withstand climate change Developing and maintaining green spaces within urban areas. Evaluating disaster management strategies Availing resources for these strategies needs a continuous expansion of the available knowledge through education and research. Conclusion Empirically, climate change is a reality. It is characterized by changes in rainfall patterns, sea level, winds, temperature, and humidity. Regional impacts and adaptations vary but generally, climate change impacts manifest in a wide variety of phenomena that result in social implications like food shortage, water, and energy inefficiency as well as refugee movements (Wise et al., 2014). Adaptions strategies depend on a particular and those of Sydney include mitigation measures for water and energy use efficiency as well as disaster management approaches. References Bindoff, N.L., Stott, P.A., AchutaRao, M., Allen, M.R., Gillett, N., Gutzler, D., Hansingo, K., Hegerl, G., Hu, Y., Jain, S. and Mokhov, I.I., 2013. Detection and attribution of climate change: from global to regional. Davies, P.J. and Wright, I.A., 2014. A review of policy, legal, land use and social change in the management of urban water resources in Sydney, Australia: A brief reflection of challenges and lessons from the last 200 years. Land Use Policy, 36, pp.450-460. El-Zein, A. and Tonmoy, F.N., 2015. 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